Selasa, 31 Juli 2012

PRINSIP DAN TUJUAN ADMINISTRASI


Prinsip-prinsip Administrasi
Administrasi sebagai sebuah sistem dan mekanika, harus memenuhi syarat-syarat atau prinsip-prinsip. Prinsip-prinsip administrasi yang dimaksud adalah sebagai berikut:
1) Adanya kegiatan kerjasama yang dilakukan sekelompok manusia.
2) Adanya penataan atau pengaturan dalam kerjasama.
3) Adanya sumber daya (manusia dan non manusia) untuk ditata.
4) Adanya tujuan yang akan dicapai dari kegiatan bersama
Keempat prinsip diatas harus ada dalam administrasi. Apabila salah satu hilang, tidak dapat dikatakan lagi sebagai administrasi.
Tujuan Administrasi
Secara sederhana dapat dirumuskan bahwa tujuan administrasi adalah untuk menyelenggarakan dan mendayagunakan segala tenaga sarana dan dana secara optimal, teratur, relevan, efektif dan efisien agar tujuan yang telah ditetapkan dapat tercapai.
Maka seharusnya sebuah organisasi memiliki tujuan yang terarah ini dan mengaplikasikannya dalam seluruh kegiatan agenda organisasi karena akan memberi hasil yang memuaskan.

Selasa, 24 Juli 2012

16 Tenses

1. PRESENT TENSE
a. Simple Present Tense
Formula :
+ } S + V1 + O/C
- } S + Do/does + not + V1 + O/C
? } Do/does + S + V1 + O/C
Example :
+ } Sisca Reads book everyday
- } Sisca does not Read book everyday
? } does Sisca Read book everyday
·      Yes He does / No He does not (doesn’t)
·      For I, We, You, They = do
·      He, She, It = Does
Example Sentence :
(+) She is a new people here.
 (-) She isn’t a new people here.
 (?) Is she a new people here?
b. Present Continuous Tense
Formula :
+ } S + Be + V1 + ing + O/C            >>     + } They are playing badminton now
- } S + Be + not + V1 + ing + O/C   >>      – } They are not playing badminton now
? } Be + S + V1 + ing + O/C            >>      ? } Are they playing badminton now ?
·      Yes They are / no they are not
·      For I = am
·      They, we, you = are
·      He, She, It = Is
Example Sentence :
(+) He is playing badminton now
(-) He isn’t playing badminton now.
(?) Is he playing badminton now.
c. Present Perfect Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb+main verb
Example :
(+) you have eaten mine.
(-) she has not been to Rome.
(?) have you finished?
d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula :
(+) : S + have/has + been + Ving
(-) : S + have/has + not + been + Ving
(?) : Have/has + S + been + Ving
Example :
(+) She has been going to Malang since evening.
 (-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening.
 (?) Has she been going to Malang ?
2. PAST TENSE
a. Simple Past Tense
Formula :
+} S+Be+Was/Were+O/C
-} S+Be+Was/Were+not+O/C
?} Be+Was/Were+ S+O/C
Example :
+} We were at school yesterday
-} We were not at school yesterday
?} Were we at school yesterday ?
·      For I, He, She, It = Was
·      They, we, you = were
Example Sentence :
(+) I saw a good film last night
 (-) I saw not a good film last night
 (?) Saw I a good film last night
b. Past Continuous Tense
Formula :
(+) : S + was/were + Ving
(-) : S + was/were + NOT + Ving
(?) : Was/Were + S + Ving
Example :
 (+) They were talking about sport when I met him.
 (-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him.
 (?) Were they talking about sport when I met him.
c. Past Perfect Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb
(+) : S + had + V3
(-) : S + had + not + V3
(?) : Had + S + V3
Example :
(+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle
 (-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle
 (?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ?
d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb
Example :
 (+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton
 (-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton
 (?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ?
3. FUTURE TENSE
a. Simple Future Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb WILL+main verb
Example :
 (+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow.
(-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow.
(?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow?
b. Future Continuous Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb BE+main verb
Example :
(+) I will be writing a comic.
 (-) I will not writing a comic.
 (?) Will I be writing a comic ?
c. Future Perfect Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb
Example :
 (+) You will have forgotten me by then.
 (-) We will not have left.
 (?) Will they have received it?
d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula :
subject+auxiliary verb WILL+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb
Example :
(+) I will have been reading a news paper.
 (-) I will haven’t been reading a news paper.
 (?) Will I have been riding a news paper ?
4. PAST FUTURE TENSE
a. Past Future Tense
Formula :
(+) : S + would + V1
(-) : S + would + not + V1
(?) :  Would + S + V1
Example :
 (+) They would buy a home the previous day.
 (-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day.
 (?) Would they buy a home the previous day ?
b. Past Future Continuous Tense
Formula :
(+) : S + would + be + Ving
(-) : S + would + not + be + Ving
(?) : Would + S + be + Ving
Example :
(+) I should be swimming at this time the following day.
 (-) I shouldn’t be swimming at this time the following day.
 (?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ?
c. Past Future Perfect Tense
Formula :
(+) : S + would + have + V3
(-) : S + would + not + have + V3
(?) : Would + S + have + V3
Example :
(+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard.
 (-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling
 (?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ?
d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Formula :
(+) : S + would + have + been + Ving
(-) : S + would + not + have + been + Ving
(?) : Would + S + have + been + Ving
Example :
 (+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years
 (-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year
 (?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years?